據(jù)碳?xì)浠衔锕こ?月26日消息，天然氣是美國(guó)最普遍的發(fā)電能源。在該國(guó)491吉瓦的天然氣發(fā)電容量中，超過一半（280吉瓦）是包括蒸汽輪機(jī)和燃燒式渦輪機(jī)的聯(lián)合循環(huán)系統(tǒng)。聯(lián)合循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的主要配置包括兩臺(tái)燃燒式渦輪機(jī)和一臺(tái)蒸汽輪機(jī)。

天然氣發(fā)電廠利用簡(jiǎn)單循環(huán)或聯(lián)合循環(huán)能量轉(zhuǎn)換。簡(jiǎn)單循環(huán)系統(tǒng)在單個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換系統(tǒng)中消耗天然氣，例如燃燒式渦輪機(jī)、帶有蒸汽輪機(jī)的鍋爐或內(nèi)燃機(jī)。在這些系統(tǒng)中，來(lái)自一次轉(zhuǎn)換排氣熱的能量會(huì)損失掉，并且不會(huì)發(fā)送到另一個(gè)渦輪機(jī)。聯(lián)合循環(huán)系統(tǒng)將燃燒式渦輪機(jī)排出的熱量輸送到熱回收蒸汽發(fā)生器，為一個(gè)或多個(gè)產(chǎn)生額外電力的蒸汽輪機(jī)加壓。

聯(lián)合循環(huán)系統(tǒng)在將單位天然氣轉(zhuǎn)換為單位電力方面往往更有效。由于效率的提高，聯(lián)合循環(huán)系統(tǒng)通常以比簡(jiǎn)單循環(huán)系統(tǒng)更高的容量因數(shù)運(yùn)行。因此，聯(lián)合循環(huán)系統(tǒng)通常服務(wù)于電網(wǎng)的基本和中間負(fù)荷，而簡(jiǎn)單循環(huán)系統(tǒng)通常服務(wù)于峰值負(fù)荷。

EIA的電力年度調(diào)查收集了一個(gè)單元代碼標(biāo)識(shí)符，將聯(lián)合循環(huán)部件分組到功率塊中。功率塊配置差異很大，包括多個(gè)燃燒式渦輪機(jī)支持一個(gè)或多個(gè)蒸汽輪機(jī)等配置。大多數(shù)聯(lián)合循環(huán)發(fā)電機(jī)組都有燃燒和蒸汽輪機(jī)部件，每個(gè)部件都與發(fā)電機(jī)相連。然而，13吉瓦的聯(lián)合循環(huán)容量是單軸系統(tǒng)，其中燃燒和蒸汽渦輪機(jī)在一根軸上驅(qū)動(dòng)一個(gè)公共發(fā)電機(jī)。

就發(fā)電量而言，美國(guó)最大的天然氣聯(lián)合循環(huán)發(fā)電廠是佛羅里達(dá)電力與照明公司的西縣能源中心。西縣能源中心由三個(gè)3x1 發(fā)電機(jī)機(jī)組組成，或總共12個(gè)燃燒和蒸汽渦輪機(jī)。三個(gè)發(fā)電機(jī)組中的額定功率均為1259兆瓦，使該工廠的總裝機(jī)容量達(dá)到3777兆瓦。西縣能源中心2021 年發(fā)電量20.3太瓦；到2021年，只有5座核電廠和1座燃煤電廠發(fā)電量增加。

自2015年以來(lái)，聯(lián)合循環(huán)發(fā)電機(jī)組的平均容量有所增加，當(dāng)時(shí)一種新型燃燒式渦輪機(jī)變得更加普遍。這些較新的燃燒式渦輪機(jī)允許聯(lián)合循環(huán)發(fā)電機(jī)組具有更大的容量和更高的效率。2x1發(fā)電機(jī)組的平均容量從2015年之前建造的500兆瓦增加到2015年之后建造的超過700兆瓦。

祝精燕 摘譯自 碳?xì)浠衔锕こ?/p>

原文如下：

EIA: natural gas is the most prevalent energy source for electricity generation in the US

Natural gas is the most prevalent energy source used for electricity generation in the US. Of the 491 GW of natural gas-fired electric-generating capacity in the country, more than half (280 GW) are combined-cycle systems that include both steam turbines and combustion turbines. The predominant configuration for combined-cycle systems involves two combustion turbines and one steam turbine (2x1).

Natural gas-fired electric power plants utilise either simple-cycle or combined-cycle energy conversion. Simple-cycle systems consume natural gas in a single conversion system, such as a combustion turbine, boiler with a steam turbine, or internal combustion engine. In these systems, energy from the primary conversion exhaust heat is lost and not sent to another turbine. Combined-cycle systems send combustion turbine exhaust heat to a heat recovery steam generator, pressurising steam for one or more steam turbines that generate additional electric power.

Combined-cycle systems tend to be more efficient at converting a unit of natural gas (measured in Btu) to a unit of electricity (kWh). Combined-cycle systems have an average operating heat rate of 7146 Btu/kWh compared with simple-cycle systems, which consume approximately 10 000 Btu to generate 1 kWh, based on 2020 averages. Because of the efficiency gains, combined-cycle systems generally operate at higher capacity factors than simple-cycle systems. As a result, combined-cycle systems generally serve base and intermediate loads to the grid, while simple-cycle systems generally serve peak load.

The EIA's Electric Power Annual survey collected a unit code identifier to group combined-cycle components into power blocks. Power block configurations vary widely, including configurations such as multiple combustion turbines supporting one or more steam turbines. Most combined-cycle power blocks have combustion and steam turbine components each connected with a generator. However, 13 GW of combined-cycle capacity are single-shaft systems in which both the combustion and steam turbines drive a common generator on one shaft.

In terms of generating capacity, the largest natural gas combined-cycle power plant in the US is Florida Power & Light’s West County Energy Center. The West County Energy Center consists of three 3x1 power blocks, or a total of 12 combustion and steam turbines. Each of the three power blocks is rated at 1259 MW, giving the plant 3777 MW of total generating capacity. The West County Energy Center generated 20.3 TWh of electricity in 2021; only five nuclear power plants and one coal-fired plant generated more electricity in 2021.

Combined-cycle power blocks have increased in average capacity since 2015, when a new class of combustion turbines became more common. These newer combustion turbines allow combined-cycle power blocks to have larger capacities and improved efficiencies. The average capacity of a 2x1 power block increased from 500 MW for those built before 2015 to over 700 MW for those built after 2015.